گرامر زبان انگلیسی - سطح مقدماتی (با تمرکز بر کتاب زبان دوازدهم)

By ... = not later than: Where`s Sarah? She should be here by now.
It means: now or before now - so she should have already arrived.
We use until (or till) to say how long a situation continues:
Shall we go now? No, let`s wait until it stops raining.
Compare until and by:
Joe will be away until Monday. (so he`ll be back on Monday) / Joe will be back by Monday. (he`ll be back not later than Monday.)
You can say: By the time something happens:
It`s too late to go to the bank now. By the time we get there, it will be closed. (= the bank will close between now and the time we get there.)
You can say: By the time something happens:
Hurry up! By the time we get to the cinema, the film will already have started.
Put in By or Until: Steve has gone away. He`ll be away ... Monday.
Until
Put in By or Until: Sorry but I must go. I have to be home ... 5 o`clock.
by
Put in By or Until: I`ve been offered a job. I have not decided yet whether to accept it or not. I have to decide ... Friday.
by
Put in By or Until: I think I`ll wait ... Thursday before making a decision.
until
Put in By or Until: It`s too late to go shopping. The shops are open only ... 5.30 today.
until
در این مجموعه مهم‌ترین و کاربردی‌ترین نکات دستوری زبان انگلیسی گردآوری شده است تا به شما در درک بهتر کتاب زبان دوازدهم و موفقیت بیشتر در کنکور کارشناسی یاری رساند. علاوه بر این، این مجموعه برای زبان‌آموزانی که نیازمند آموزش و تمرین بیشتر در سطح مقدماتی دستور زبان انگلیسی هستند مناسب و کاربردی است.

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